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National Minority Health Month and Minority Cancer Awareness Week

February 26, 2024

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National Minority Health Month and Minority Cancer Awareness Week

National Minority* Health Month (NMHM) is observed annually in April. NMHM is an opportunity to raise awareness about health disparities affecting populations that have been marginalized, discriminated against and excluded in American culture, both historically and currently. NMHM acknowledges the social, economic and geographic disadvantages that intersect across disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, race and ethnicity, which have historically been linked to discrimination or exclusion.1

During NMHM, National Minority Cancer Awareness Week (NMCAW) provides a more specific opportunity to raise awareness about cancer-related health disparities.2

This health awareness social media toolkit is designed to help cancer control organizations implement evidence-based practices when communicating about National Minority Health Month, Minority Cancer Awareness Week and cancer prevention among marginalized communities.

*A note on language:

We use the word “minority” within this toolkit to align with the name of the awareness month. We otherwise discourage use of the term “minority” in awareness messaging, as it can wrongfully imply that racial and ethnic groups are outnumbered by non-Hispanic White Americans and can contribute to the perpetuation of stereotypes and implicit bias.3,4

The CDC reports: “According to the 2018 U.S. Census report, the year 2030 marks a demographic turning point for the United States. The nation’s population is projected to age considerably and become more racially and ethnically diverse. The population of people who are more than one race is projected to be the fastest growing racial or ethnic group over the next several decades, followed by Asian Americans and Hispanic/Latino Americans.”

Best Practices for Communicating About NMHM & NMCAW

Recognize cultural differences and values, as cultural background significantly impacts the lens through which people view health information.

  • Learn from your intended to optimize culturally appropriate messaging and communication channels.
  • Incorporate cultural norms, values and religious beliefs into health messages, rather than surface-level cultural features, such as risk statistics of a particular group.5
  • Integrate cross-cultural knowledge into messages. This means learning from people within your intended audience and understanding stresses caused by politics or laws.6
  • Promote cultural humility among providers and staff. Cultural humility refers to the willingness to honor cultural beliefs, engage in self-reflection and continue learning.7 Cultural competency is a misnomer that assumes one can learn once and for all about people who have different lived experiences from their own.7

Use plain language and narrative to communicate culturally relevant messages.

  • Reduce the health literacy level of messages. Low health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes and lack of participation in cancer screening programs.8
  • Keep messages concise and use plain language. The use of plain language makes messaging accessible to more people in a shorter amount of time.9 Reference these CDC guidelines for making language accessible and understandable.5
  • Provide health information in languages appropriate for the intended audience.10 Multilingual messages should be crafted and reviewed by people with lived experiences shared by your populations of focus.11
  • Make messages accessible to people with disabilities by using braille, American Sign Language, large print text, closed captioning, audio descriptions and plain language.12
  • Use narratives to improve learner comprehension and recall.13 Narratives can help reach people who have had past negative experiences in health care.
  • Use culturally appropriate health promotion messages to support behavior change.14

Point people to community resources.

  • Promote community-based resources across the cancer continuum, including prevention, screening, treatment, and survivorship resources. Outreach, education and research are crucial for addressing health disparities.15
  • Leverage partnerships with local media to increase knowledge and access to information across diverse communities.16
  • Form community partnerships across other sectors,such as business, labor, civic/social, urban planners, education, transportation, housing and public safety. Partnerships with community-based organizations who serve priority populations can help healthcare organizations address structural bias in our systems.17
  • Join existing movements and conversations (such as NMHM and NMCAW) to increase your reach. Use relevant hashtags to increase the reach of your messages.

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Communicating with Diverse Audiences

Consider the information most useful for specific populations. Tailor communication to where these communities live, learn, work and play. Refer to and adapt the National Networks’ existing resources.

Consider the information most useful for specific populations. Tailor communication to the communities where populations of focus live, learn, work and play. Refer to and adapt the National Networks’ existing resources.

  • Share information about cancer inequities affecting Black and African American people to raise awareness of symptoms, encourage screenings and promote healthier behaviors. For example:
    • Black people experience the highest overall cancer mortality rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups.18
    • Prostate cancer, female breast cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, and colon and rectum cancer are the most common cancers that occur among Black Americans.18
    • Prostate cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, female breast cancer, and colon and rectum cancer cause the most cancer-related deaths among Black Americans.18
    • HPV vaccination eliminates precancerous cells and saves lives, but Black Americans have lower vaccination rates than White Americans.19

  • Share information about cancer inequities affecting LGBTQI+ people.
    • Gay and bisexual men are at higher risk for anal cancer than heterosexual men.20
    • Lesbian and bisexual women are at higher risk for breast cancer and certain gynecologic cancers than heterosexual women.20
    • Transgender and gender-nonconforming people are less likely to receive cancer screenings that are appropriate for their organs.20
  • Communicate the importance of culturally-affirming care.Stigma experienced by LGBTQI+ patients causes healthcare avoidance. 21Health providers are responsible for recognizing personal and structural bias and creating safe environments to optimize patient wellbeing.
  • Highlight barriers to quality care and share resources to address them.
  • Share resources like the National LGBT Cancer Network to help providers understand cancer-related health disparities among LGBTQI+ people.

  • Share information about cancer inequities affecting Hispanic and Latino/a/x people.
    • Female breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon and rectum cancer, and lung and bronchus cancer are the most commonly occurring cancers among Hispanic and Latino/a/x persons.18
    • Prostate cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, female breast cancer, and colon and rectum cancer cause the most cancer-related deaths among this population.18
    • Hispanic and Latino/a/x people experience the second-highest death rates from lung cancer and liver cancer among all racial and ethnic groups.18
    • Hispanic and Latino/a/x people experience the highest stomach cancer incidence and mortality rates.18
  • Remind providers to communicate the risk of skin cancer, as Hispanic and Latino/a/x people are historically less likely than White peers to use sun protection.22
  • Provide health information in Spanish. Research shows that people with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) are less likely to utilize health services.23

  • Share information about health inequities affecting AANHPI people.
    • Female breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, and colon and rectum cancer are the most commonly occurring cancers among AANHPI people.18
    • Lung and bronchus cancer, female breast cancer, colon and rectum cancer, and prostate cancer cause the most cancer-related deaths among AANHPI people.18
  • Disaggregate AANHPI subgroups and tailor messages to a specific subgroup.Cancer risk and incidence varies greatly between AANHPI subgroups and ethnicities.24,25
    • Hmong people have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared to Chinese people.26 Kampuchean patients are less likely to receive treatment than Hmong or Hawaiian patients.26
    • Incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is higher among Native Hawaiian men than among Chinese men.27
    • Incidence of cervical carcinoma is higher among Laotian women than among Asian Indian and Pakistani women.27
  • Encourage the availability and distribution of health information in multiple Asian languages based on who lives in your catchment area.

  • Craft messages informed by the lived experiences of AI/AN cancer survivors, spiritual leaders, and community and ceremonial elders. Factors such as separation from family and tribal communities can leave patients feeling spiritually vulnerable and may deter patients from seeking or continuing care.28
  • Share information about cancer inequities affecting AI/AN people.
    • Female breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, and colon and rectum cancer are the most commonly occurring cancers among AI/AN people.18
    • Lung and bronchus cancer, female breast cancer, colon and rectum cancer, and prostate cancer cause the most cancer-related deaths among AI/AN people.18
    • American Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest rates of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer.18

  • Share information about cancer inequities and barriers to care affecting immigrant populations.
    • Immigrants are less likely to receive screening tests for cervical, breast and colorectal cancers than the general U.S. population.29
    • Language barriers and a lack of insurance may hinder use of health services and lead to worse health outcomes for immigrants.30

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Sample Messages and Graphics

Download All Messages and Graphics How to Post on Social Media

TopicsSuggested Images
Topic: Engage providers in National Minority Health Month
April is National Minority Health Month! #NMHM is an opportunity to raise awareness of health #disparities affecting diverse populations, as well as for taking steps to address those disparities. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #minorityhealth		Celebrate Nation Minority Health Month
Topic: Engage Providers in Minority Cancer Awareness Week
Factors like race, ethnicity, immigration, sexual orientation, gender identity, and more can affect a person’s cancer risk. This #MinorityCancerAwarenessWeek, watch American Cancer Society’s video on addressing cancer health disparities and download the free discussion guide to continue the conversation within your cancer control program. https://tinyurl.com/pvhdz2mv #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #minorityhealth		Minority cancer awareness week
Topic: Share multilingual health resources
Looking for ways to address language-related health #inequities during #NMHM? MedlinePlus provides information on hundreds of health topics in dozens of languages. https://tinyurl.com/3f9mx6rz #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #minorityhealth		Multilingual resources to improve care access.
Topic: Tips for incorporating best health literacy practices in messaging
#DoYouKnow the best practices for health literacy? Use these simple CDC recommendations to make your messages more accessible and effective. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #healthliteracy #nmhm		Health literacy practices to level up your messages.
Topic: Educate providers on LGBTQI+ people’s cancer risk
#Transgender and gender non-conforming people with a cervix are more likely to get #cervicalcancer but are less likely to be screened. You can help improve health outcomes for #LGBTQI+ people by recommending screenings based on their organs rather than gender identity or sexual orientation. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #transhealth #nmhm		Recommend organ-appropriate screenings.
Topic: Share information about sun safety
Because #Hispanic and #Latino/a/x people are less likely to use sun protection, be sure to share #sunsafety tips and resources, such as this video from the CDC.https://tinyurl.com/3ccr6mym #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #latinohealth #nmhm		Sun safety tips.
Topic: Highlight health inequities affecting Black & African American people
#DidYouKnow that Black & African American persons are more likely to die from cancer than any other race or ethnicity in the U.S.? Encourage #policy, #systems and #environmental solutions to help Black patients decrease their risk of getting the most commonly occurring cancers among this group. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #nmhm #blackhealth #pse		Strategies to decrease cancer risk for black adults
Topic: Highlight health inequities affecting American Indians and Alaska Natives
The CDC explains that while American Indian and Alaska Native persons have a higher risk of getting certain cancers than non-Hispanic White adults, centuries of systemic racism have created barriers that keep AI/AN persons from obtaining medical care. Consider these barriers and share resources to help your #AIAN patients overcome them.https://tinyurl.com/2p846xrr #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #nmhm #aianhealth		Barriers to Healthcare for American Indian and Alaska Native Persons
Topic: Highlight health inequities affecting Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders
Cancer is the leading cause of death for Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander persons, with #breastcancer leading cancer deaths. Communicate these steps for routine self-examinations from BreastCancer.org to encourage early detection. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #nmhm #aanhpihealth		Steps for routine breast self-exams.
Topic: Highlight health inequities affecting Hispanic and Latino/a/x people
Language barriers are one of the biggest obstacles for #Hispanic and #Latino/a/x people. Encourage providers to use the CDC’s Spanish-language AMIGAS health education model to increase screenings for cervical cancer.https://tinyurl.com/3nx7889e #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #latinohealth #nmhm		Tips for sharing culturally appropriate bilingual information.
Topic: Tips for caring for LGBTQI+ patients
Caring for #LGBTQI+ patients means communicating respectfully. Remember these strategies from the National LGBT Cancer Network for creating a welcoming environment. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #lgbtcancer #nmhm		Tips for caring for LGBTQ+ patients
Topic: Tips for caring for transgender patients
How you engage with #transgender people affects access to necessary health #screenings and treatments for this population. Check out recommendations for transgender #inclusivity from the National LGBT Cancer Network. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #lgbtcancer #transhealth #nmhm		Tips for providing inclusive care for transgender patients
Topic: Recommend prostate screenings for Black patients
#DidYouKnow that #prostatecancer causes the most cancer-related deaths for Black and African American people? Share Urology Care Foundation’s Prostate Cancer Screening Assessment Tool to help patients monitor and make decisions about their health.https://tinyurl.com/bdhfrp2e #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #blackhealth #nmhm		Prostate cancer FAQ
Topic: Tips for creating cross-cultural messaging
Communicating with people of backgrounds different from your own requires understanding #crosscultural communication best practices. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #nmhm		Do's and don'ts of cross-cultural communication
Topic: Encourage cultural humility, not cultural competency
#Cultural humility is an ongoing process of personal reflection, critique, and learning and is critical to improving your patients’ health and healthcare experiences. Cultural competency is a false term that implies someone can achieve total understanding of people who have completely different experiences from their own #NMHM. #cdc #dcpc #cctminority		Commit to practicing cultural humility.
Topic: Highlight information about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cancer risk
#DidYouKnow adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be linked to getting cancer later in life? While all children are at risk of ACEs, inequities in historical, social, and economic environments can increase the likelihood of these adversities. Learn more about how communities can help prevent ACEs and reduce the harm they cause. https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/healthtopics/ace/ #cdc #dcpc #cctminority #nmhm #aces		Preventing adverse childhood experiences may help prevent cancer.

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Download All Messages and Graphics How to Post on Social Media

How to Post on Social Media

Start by downloading the ZIP file above. Then double click the downloaded file to unzip and open the folder. Inside, you’ll find three CSV files.

  • Messaging.csv contains captions for all messages in the toolkit, organized by topic.
  • Bulk – Instagram.csv contains captions for all Instagram messages, along with graphics URLs that can be used to bulk schedule both text and images.
  • Bulk – LinkedIn-Facebook.csv contains captions for all LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter messages, along with graphics URLs that can be used to bulk schedule both text and images.
  • Bulk – Twitter.csv contains captions for all Twitter messages, along with graphics URLs that can be used to bulk schedule both text and images.

Inside the main folder, you’ll also see two sub-folders containing the messaging graphics for all major platforms. The first folder contains rectangular images suited for use on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. The second folder contains square images suited for Instagram.

Select your platform below for additional instructions.

  1. Download the suggested graphic.
  2. Highlight the corresponding message with your cursor. Right click and select “Copy.”
  3. Open Facebook. If you aren’t already logged in, enter your email address (or phone number) and password, then tap “Log in.”
  4. Tap the post box. This box is at the top of the News Feed. If you’re posting to a group, you’ll find the box just below the cover photo. There will generally be a phrase like “Write something”or “What’s on your mind?” in the box.
  5. Tap “Photo/Video” near the middle of the post screen, then select the downloaded graphic to upload and tap “Done.” Doing so adds the photo to your post.
  6. Tap “Post.” It’s in the top-right corner of the screen from the app, or the bottom-right from your computer. Doing so will create your post and add it to the page you’re on.

  1. Download the suggested graphic.
  2. Highlight the corresponding message with your cursor. Right click and select “Copy.”
  3. Open Twitter. If you aren’t already logged in, enter your email address and password, then tap “Log in.”
  4. Tap the post button. This button is at the bottom right of the News Feed. There will generally be a phrase like “What’s happening?” in the box.
  5. Tap the camera icon near the middle of the post screen, or the picture icon in the bottom left of the post screen then select the downloaded graphic to upload, and add the post caption.
  6. Tap “Tweet.” It’s in the top-right corner of the screen from the app, or the bottom-right from your computer. Doing so will create your post and add it to the page you’re on.

  1. Download the suggested graphic.
  2. Highlight the corresponding message with your cursor. Right click and select “Copy.”
  3. Open Instagram. If you aren’t already logged in, enter your username (or phone number) and password, then tap “Log in.”
  4. Tap the plus sign box. This box is at the top right. Select the downloaded graphic or drag it into the box to upload it.
  5. Select “Square (1:1)” for the aspect ratio, then click “Next.”
  6. Ignore the filters screen, then click “Next” again.
  7. Paste the caption where it says, “Write a caption…” at the top.
  8. Under “Accessibility,” consider adding alt text to describe the photo for people with visual impairments.
  9. Tap “Share.” It’s in the bottom-right corner of the screen.

  1. Download the suggested graphic.
  2. Highlight the corresponding message with your cursor. Right click and select “Copy.”
  3. Open LinkedIn. If you aren’t already logged in, enter your email address and password, then tap “Log in.”
  4. Tap “Start a post” from the main share box. This box is at the top of your profile.
  5. Tap “Photo” from the top of the post screen, then select the downloaded graphic to upload and tap “Done.” Doing so adds the photo to your post.
  6. Tap “Post.” It’s in the the bottom-right. Doing so will create your post and add it to the page you’re on.

Social media management tools like Hootsuite and Sprout Social offer bulk scheduling options for uploading multiple messages at once. The spreadsheets included in the download can be adapted to fit multiple scheduling platforms or services. They are currently formatted to work with Sprout Social’s bulk scheduling option. Please review the bulk scheduling format requirements for your specific platform before posting. Messages are sorted by network.

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Resources

ResourceDescription
African American Breast Cancer AllianceA network creating culturally specific outreach to promote breast health awareness, patient support, and advocacy for African American breast cancer patients, survivors and their families.
American Indian Cancer FoundationA collaborative organization that brings attention to Indigenous cancer burdens and solutions, advances capacity through training, technical assistance, and culturally-tailored resources, and increases availability of reliable Native-focused cancer data and solutions.
AMIGASA CDC bilingual educational outreach intervention designed to help community health workers increase cervical cancer screening among Hispanic and Latino/a/x people.
APPEALA national health justice organization working to advance equity in tobacco control and health for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders and other underserved communities.
Arab-American Family Support CenterA non-profit organization providing culturally and linguistically competent, trauma-informed, multigenerational social services to help Arab, Middle Eastern, North African, Muslim, and South Asian (AMENAMSA) immigrant and refugee communities find healthy paths to success and fulfillment.
Asian & Pacific Islander American Health ForumA health advocacy organization influencing policy, mobilizing communities, and strengthening programs and organizations to improve the health of Asian Americans & Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders.
Asian American Cancer Support NetworkA community network providing educational and supportive resources for Asian Americans affected by cancer.
Asian Health CoalitionA coalition of community-based organizations working to eliminate health disparities among AANHPI and other communities of color by supporting the development and implementation of culturally and linguistically appropriate health programs and initiatives.
Black Women’s Health ImperativeA program delivering evidence-based strategies, programs and advocacy to solve health issues that affect Black women and girls in the U.S.
CDC Health Literacy Communication TacticsRecommendations from the CDC on ways to improve health literacy practices in patient messaging.
CDC Plain Language Materials & ResourcesResources and examples to help healthcare professionals implement plain language practices in patient communications.
Center for Black Health & EquityA nationally recognized public health entity facilitating programs and services that promote health equity for Black and African American people, including tobacco cessation education and initiatives.
Gay and Lesbian Medical AssociationA nationally recognized public health entity facilitating programs and services that promote health equity for Black and African American people, including tobacco cessation education and initiatives.
Health Equity Guiding Principles for Inclusive CommunicationCDC guidelines to help public communicators ensure their messages adapt to the cultural, linguistic, environmental and historical situation of each population or audience of focus.
Latinas Contra CancerAn organization working to eliminate health inequities by identifying and removing the obstacles Latino/a/x populations that are medically underserved face within healthcare systems.
Make it Your OwnA tool for helping medical professionals to create tailored health communications with evidence-based messaging and customized images.
National Cancer InstituteProviding resources for both patients and providers to help them understand prostate cancer, treatments, screenings, and statistics.
National LGBT Cancer NetworkImproving the lives of LGBTQI+ cancer survivors through advocacy, education and training.
Nuestras VocesAn initiative of the CDC’s Networking2Save consortium of national networks implementing population-specific and public health-oriented strategies to impact the prevalence of commercial tobacco use and tobacco related cancers.
Nueva VidaA nonprofit organization providing free, comprehensive, and culturally competent services to inform, support, and empower Latino/a/x families in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area whose lives are affected by cancer.
PlainLanguage.govGovernment guidelines for using plain language with discussions of each subtopic.
Refugee Health ProfilesA comprehensive resource describing the demographic, cultural, and health characteristics of specific refugee populations.
SAGE for LGBTQI+ EldersA national advocacy and services organization working to ensure a fulfilling future for the aging LGBTQI+ population.
Together, Equitable, Accessible, Meaningful (TEAM) TrainingA training offered by the GW Cancer Center that aims to provide health care professionals with knowledge and strategies to support patient-provider communication and employ culturally competent practices.

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References

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  2. How Racism Leads to Cancer Health Disparities | CDC. www.cdc.gov. Published January 12, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/health-equity/racism-health-disparities.htm
  3. Sotto, Sylk. (2019). Time to Reconsider the Word Minority in Academic Medicine. 72-78. J Best Pract Health Prof Divers (Spring, 2019), 12(1), 72–78
  4. Black C, Cerdeña JP, Spearman-McCarthy EV. I am not your minority. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;19:100464. Published 2023 Feb 28. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100464
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  6. Pratt-Chapman ML, Eckstrand K, Robinson A, et al. Developing Standards for Cultural Competency Training for Health Care Providers to Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual Persons: Consensus Recommendations from a National Panel. LGBT Health. 2022;9(5):340-347. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2021.0464
  7. Stubbe DE. Practicing Cultural Competence and Cultural Humility in the Care of Diverse Patients. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18(1):49-51. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190041
  8. Holden CE, Wheelwright S, Harle A, Wagland R. The role of health literacy in cancer care: A mixed studies systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0259815. Published 2021 Nov 12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259815
  9. plainlanguage.gov | Why use plain language? www.plainlanguage.gov. https://www.plainlanguage.gov/about/benefits/
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  12. CDC. CDC’s Health Equity Guiding Principles for Inclusive Communication. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published August 24, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Comm_Dev.html
  13. Mar RA, Li J, Nguyen ATP, Ta CP. Memory and comprehension of narrative versus expository texts: A meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev. 2021;28(3):732-749. doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01853-1
  14. Flynn PM, Betancourt H, Emerson ND, Nunez EI, Nance CM. Health professional cultural competence reduces the psychological and behavioral impact of negative healthcare encounters. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2019;26(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000295
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  16. Viswanath K, Emmons KM. Message Effects and Social Determinants of Health: Its Application to Cancer Disparities. Journal of Communication. 2006;56(suppl_1):S238-S264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00292.x
  17. Advancing Partnerships between Health Care and Community-Based Organizations to Address Social Determinants of Health: Executive Summary. Center for Health Care Strategies; 2018. Accessed August 3, 2023. https://www.chcs.org/media/KP-CBO-Exec-Summ__080918.pdf
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  19. African American People and Cancer | CDC. www.cdc.gov. Published January 31, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/health-equity/groups/african-american.htm
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  21. Ayhan CHB, Bilgin H, Uluman OT, Sukut O, Yilmaz S, Buzlu S. A Systematic Review of the Discrimination Against Sexual and Gender Minority in Health Care Settings. International Journal of Health Services. 2020;50(1):44-61. doi:10.1177/0020731419885093
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  26. Jain B, Ng K, Santos PMG, et al. Prostate Cancer Disparities in Risk Group at Presentation and Access to Treatment for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Study With Disaggregated Ethnic Groups. JCO Oncology Practice. 2022;18(1):e204-e218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1200/op.21.00412
  27. Shing JZ, Corbin J, Kreimer AR, et al. Human papillomavirus-associated cancer incidence by disaggregated Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander ethnicity. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2023;7(2):pkad012. doi:10.1093/jncics/pkad012
  28. Witte, Catherine; Begay, Tamana D.; and Coe, Kathryn (2010) “Spiritual Care within Oncology Care: Development of a Spiritual Care Program at an Indian Health Service Hospital,” Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice: Vol. 4: Iss. 3, Article 7.
  29. Cancer Screening: Domestic Guidelines | CDC. www.cdc.gov. Published March 17, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/general/cancer-screening.html
  30. Fang CY, Ragin CC. Addressing Disparities in Cancer Screening among U.S. Immigrants: Progress and Opportunities. Cancer Prevention Research. 2020;13(3):253-260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0249

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GW Cancer Center

800 22nd Street, NW
Suite 8000
Washington, D.C. 20052

Office: 202-994-2449

cancercontrol@gwu.edu

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This work was supported by Cooperative Agreement #NU58DP007539-01 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).